Managed
fallows,
Moramanga,
Madagascar.
Farmers
managing
Lantana
camara
vegetation
on
4-8
year
rotations.
Farmers
slash
and
burn
the
lantana
and
plant
crops
such
as
upland
rice,
sweet
potato
and
banana. |
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Spice
gardens
of
in
the
eastern
Amazon
of
Brazil.
Farmers
(of
Japanese
descent)
plant
clove
in
association
with
cardamom. |
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Complex
agroforests
composed
of
coffee,
clove,
cinamon,
durian
and
damar
resin
trees
on
Sumatra,
Indonesia.
These
managed
forests
resemble
the
natural
forests
in
structure
but
contain
significantly
fewer
plant
species.
The
economic
returns
from
complex
agroforests
are
significantly
greater
than
from
natural
forests
where
timber
is
not
harvested. |
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|
Inga
jinicuil
trees
over
coffee.
The
Inga
provides
shade
and
fuel
in
addition
to
fixing
between
30-60
kg
of
N/ha/yr.
Recent
studies
show
that
migrant
birds
spend
more
time
in
these
shade
coffee
systems
than
in
unshaded
coffee
plantations. |
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|
Coffee
with
Cordia
alliodora
(Laurel)
trees
for
timber
and
Erythrina
poeppigiana
trees
for
mulch,
shade
and
N-fixation. |
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|
Gliricidia
sepium
as
a
live
tutor
for
vanilla.
The
Gliricidia
(a
nitrogen
fixer)
is
pruned
and
the
cuttings
applied
as
mulch
at
the
base
of
the
vanilla. |
|
|
A
farmer
in
tamil
Nadu
State
(India)
applying
prunings
of
Delonix
alata
to
flooded
soil
in
which
rice
seedlings
will
be
transplanted. |
|
|
Pueraria
phaseoloides
ground
cover
in
a
rubber
plantation,
Brazil.
The
pueraria
fixes
nitrogen
and
smothers
grass
weeds.
A
potentially
negative
effect
is
the
aggressive
climbing
habit
of
pueraria.
Farmers
controll
the
pueraria
by
occassional
slashing
with
a
machete. |
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|
Pueraria
phaseoloides
ground
cover
in
a
plantation
of
peach
palm
(Bactris
gassipaes)
in
the
Peruvian
Amazon. |
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|
Sesbania
sesban
trees
allowed
to
grow
in
corn
fields,
Kakamega,
Kenya.
In
1985,
farmers
reported
that
sesbania
fertilized
the
soil
and
improved
maize
yields.
Recent
research
has
shown
that
sesbania
is
able
to
take
up
nitrogen
from
deep
soil
layers
and
transfer
this
N
to
the
surface
soil
via
sesbania
litter
decomposition. |
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|
Alley
cropping
corn
between
hedgerows
of
Leucaena
leucocephala,
Nigeria.
On
fertile
Entisols
and
Alfisols,
studies
have
shown
that
crop
yields
can
be
increased
and
sustained
with
alley
cropping. |
|
|
Alley
cropping
upland
rice
between
hedgerows
of
Inga
edulis
in
the
Peruvian
Amazon.
Although
alley
cropping
has
yielded
promising
results
on
fertile
soils,
the
nutrient
competetion
between
hedgerow
and
crop
roots,
significantly
reduces
crop
yields
and
farmers
have
not
adopted
the
system. |
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