Silvopastoral
system
on
West
Timor,
Indonesia
involving
Acacia
nilotica
which
is
managed
for
livestock
forage
and
fuel.
The
trees
are
pollarded
periodically
and
the
branches
left
at
ground
level
so
that
livestock
can
browse
the
high
protein
leaves
and
pods.
The
fuel
wood
is
used
for
evaporating
brine
to
produce
salt. |
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|
Farmer
lopping
leafy
shoots
from
Prosopis
cineraria,
near
Jodhpur,
Rajasthan,
India.
Prosopis
trees
are
managed
on
crop
land
usually
in
association
with
millet
and
sorghum.
Once
crops
are
harvested,
the
high
protein
forage
from
Prosopis
is
used
to
sustain
the
livestock
through
the
dry
season.
Associated
species
in
the
background
are
Zizyphus
mauritiana
and
Calotropis
procera. |
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|
Goats
browsing
Acacia
mellifera,
northern
Kenya.
The
high
protein
content
of
leguminous
species
such
as
Acacia
enables
ruminants
to
benefit
more
from
low
quality
forage
during
the
dry
season. |
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|
Neem
(Azadirachta
indica)
trees
retained
for
livestock
shade
on
communal
grazing
land,
Hyderabad,
India. |
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|
Neem
(Azadirachta
indica)
shelter
belt
in
the
Majjia
Valley,
Niger.
Browsing
by
livestock
has
reduced
the
effectiveness
of
the
windbreak
by
raising
the
bottom
edge
of
the
canopy
to
around
2
meters. |
|
|
Scattered
Faidherbia
(Acacia)
albida
trees
in
Niger.
Associated
species
include
Calotropis
procera
and
Euphorbia
tirucalli.
[Slide
1
of
4]. |
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|
Faidherbia
(Acacia)
albida
parkland
with
planting
holes
for
sorghum,
Niger.
Crops
are
planted
at
the
end
of
the
dry
season
when
trees
have
a
full
canopy.[Slide
2
of
4]. |
|
|
Faidherbia
(Acacia)
albida
showing
loss
of
canopy
due
to
leaf
fall
midway
through
rainy
season.
The
reduction
in
canopy
density
benefits
the
crops
growing
beneath
the
tree
due
to
a
reduction
in
competition
for
light
and
water.
[Slide
3
of
4]. |
|
|
Faidherbia
(Acacia)
albida
tree
showing
complete
loss
of
canopy
as
millet
crop
approaches
maturity.
[Slide
4
of
4]. |
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|
Karite
(Butyrospermum
parkii)
trees
over
cassava
in
the
central
African
Republic.
The
Karite
produces
a
nut
(Shea
butter
nut)
that
is
valued
locally
fo
its
oil.
Shea
butter
is
now
being
used
by
cosmetic
companies
(e.g.
Body
Shop)
for
the
manufacture
of
a
variety
of
moisturizing
creams. |
|
|
Karite
(Butyrospermum
parkii)
trees
over
corn
in
the
Central
African
Republict. |
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|
Alley
cropping
corn
between
hedgerows
of
Leucaena
leucocephala,
Machakos,
Kenya.
The
hedgerows
are
pruned
intensively
to
reduce
competition
for
soil
moisture. |
|
|
Borassus
flabellifer
palms
on
crop
lands
in
Tamil
Nadu
State,
India.
The
palms
are
tapped
for
a
sugary
exudate
for
the
manufacture
of
palm
sugar,
palm
wine
and
vinegar.
The
women
make
a
variety
of
handicrafts
from
the
leaves.
The
palms
provide
significant
income
to
farm
families
during
the
dry
season
when
there
are
no
crops
in
the
field. |
|
|
Borassus
flabellifer
palms
on
crop
lands
in
west
Timor,
Indonesia. |
|
|
A
homegarden
in
Machakos,
Kenya
showing
the
use
of
trees
for
shade,
fuelwood,
fruit,
and
soil
conservation. |
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